Subsurface voids pose significant risks to geotechnical integrity. Accurately identifying these voids is crucial for ensuring the safety of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole logging, can be time-consuming and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground electrical resistivi
Geotechnical exploration methods are crucial for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These structures can significantly influence the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and landforms. A variety of in situ exploration methods are employed to identify cavities and voids. These include boreholes, geophysical techniques such
Geophysical exploration employs a crucial role in the identification and assessment of potential mineral orebodies. By employing various physical methods, geologists can survey beneath the Earth's surface to localize subsurface structures and anomalies indicative of mineral presence. These geophysical techniques often involve the recording of phys